Short Story Entertaining Angels - 1471 Words

Nichole Berkheimer LAS 492 Professor Marci December 12, 2016 Dorothy Day The film, Entertaining Angels, shows the life of Dorothy Day. She is an editor, religious figure, women’s right activist, anti-war activist and journalist. She grew up living a bohemian lifestyle and then she became Catholic. She was an activist that worked for social causes as pacifism and women’s suffrage through the prism of the Catholic Church. She was a co-founder of The Catholic Workers; it is a newspaper that promotes Catholic teachings. Day was involved in the Catholic Workers Movement that looked at issues of social justice. In addition, Day opened her home to help others in need. According to Aristotle and Ashe, Dorothy Day would be considered a good woman. Day is a courageous woman because she was faced with poverty and dispute and that did not stop her from helping others around her. During the film it showed Dorothy being poor herself. She was working doing any job she could get and living with families in exchange for doing domestic work in the ir home. She was so focused on making changes that she never let her poverty status affect her. When she opened her home to all the poor people that needed help she put all of her money she made towards helping them. She was a strong woman for giving all she had to the Catholic Workers because at this time many Catholics were poor. Dorothy Day was shamed by the cardinal and other Catholics. The cardinal went to Day and told her she needed toShow MoreRelatedA Very Old Man With Enormous Wings By Gabriel Marquez882 Words   |  4 Pagesdo it? The classic short story â€Å"A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings† by Gabriel Marquez does just that, only this old man has wings. While exploring human nature and the reactions a person and people have to adversity and difference, Marquez makes some pointed criticisms of society in general. With many underlying themes and symbols, I’ll be analyzing a few such as; greed, compassion, the magical realism genre and the subtle jabs at C atholicism Marquez makes throughout the story. Money Although notRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe And His Works1496 Words   |  6 Pages Edgar Allan Poe is one of the most well-known authors in the history of literature. He is best known for his works of poetry and short stories. His works have affected not only literature in America, but around the world. Mainly centered on death, tragedy, and despair, his work mirrored those themes that constructed his life. It is by examining his works, in the context of his life experiences, that we are able to see a direct correlation between his life’s situations and the topics he chose toRead MoreMortal Instruments1394 Words   |  6 Pagesreferred as Wayland, Morgenstern, and Herondale) is a Shadowhunter and described as being tall and muscular with scars across his golden skin from worn-out runes, or magical Marks. He has curly blond hair and golden eyes, and, like Clary, he is part angel. Jace is one of the best fighters the Nephilim have and is always ready to defend his family. Jace is often flirty and insensitive, and is described to have pretend arrogance. Throu ghout the books, Jaces family remains unknown. In City of BonesRead MoreMedia Project1616 Words   |  7 Pagesparents, seem to have the best title to the children,† essentially describing the job owners as a factor in the poverty of Ireland. 5. Perhaps Jonathan Swift was criticizing the publics lack of empathy and the fact that they needed an entertaining, satirical essay to shed light on the social issues of Ireland. Or maybe the author was condemning the emotionless proposals of actual politicians in the time period that only focused on the economic growth of the country instead of focusing onRead MoreMovie Analysis : Rent ( 2005 ) And I Now Pronounce You Chuck And Larry Essay1667 Words   |  7 PagesBasic Instinct (1992) and I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry (2007). But one musical-made-film in particular stands out in the untraditional way of portraying sexuality, untraditional as in positive and more accurate. That film is RENT (2005), a story about eight friends in Manhattan, New York and their struggles in dealing with different sexualities and other emerging issues of the late 1980s and 1990s. After an introduction of the characters and summary of the plot, an analysis about each of theRead MoreAnalysis O f The Poem Annabelle Lee By Edgar Allen Poe1622 Words   |  7 Pages For my Written Task One, I am doing English: Language and Literature. I chose to take the poem Annabelle Lee by Edgar Allen Poe and turn it into a short story. Poe’s structure of his poems flows like a story, but he chose to use the conventions of a poem instead of a story. I will use Poe’s ideas from his poem Annabelle Lee and create my own story, using a more modern language. Poe’s intended audience were educated adults in America. Even though his intended audiences were adults in America, hisRead MoreMasque Of The Red Death By Edgar Allan Poe Analysis758 Words   |  4 Pagesthere were improvisatori, there were ballet-dancers, there were musicians, there was Beauty, there was wine. All these and security within. While the outside world was suffering from the Red Death, Prince Prospero and his wealthy friends had an entertaining party inside of the enclosed abbey. Poe uses irony quite of ten in his pieces; situational, in this case. I said to him, My dear Fortunato, you are luckily met, (Cask 5). Both verbal and dramatic irony are being displayed by the narrator. TheRead MoreThe Author known as, Scott Fitzgerald is considered a notable writer in the Jazz Age time period1100 Words   |  5 PagesThe Author known as, Scott Fitzgerald is considered a notable writer in the Jazz Age time period for his novels, â€Å"short stories† such as â€Å"The Great Gatsby.† Throughout the life of Scott Fitzgerald his works have proven to be of high merit that have impacted the world of literature In 1898 at Saint Paul, Minnesota, born into a middle-upper class family, Fitzgerald was named after his famous second cousin Francis Scott Key but he finally went by the familiar name Scott Fitzgerald. 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Juvenile viewers perceive the animated films as just entertaining cartoons, but Disney is known for including hidden meaningful themes within the characters and stories of the movie that many can relate with. Pixar films often include recurring themes such as hope, imagination, beauty, and innocence which can also be found in the film, Finding Nemo. Finding

School Bullying and Violence - 1356 Words

Part 1 Cover Letter - The purpose of this essay was to both call attention to and inform an audience about the issue of school bullying and violence. Research shows that the issue is far more prevalent than expected, and is gender neutral. What is surprising in these findings point to the fact that the statistics regarding bullying are not, as one might expect, focused predominantly on boys. While boys and girls mature and socially interact differently, 30-40% of the bullying reported above occurs with mean girls, or girls who bully. Because of the manner in which girls socialize, sometimes it is more difficult to recognize girl bullies, at least at a younger age. The tactics, in fact, used by mean girls are somewhat distorted versions of socio-psychological development. For instance, when girls bully, they use tactics like alienation, ostracism, deliberate and calculated random exclusions, and deliberate gossip and rumor used to harass (Simmons). There is a great deal of research, f or both the scholar and intelligent layperson, on the subject. There was no difficulty in finding current literature with statistics and information for students and parents to help mitigate the issue. The topic was of interest to me because I was among those who were victims of violence while in middle and senior high school. At the time it was simply considered part of the hazing process, and there were very little options for a scared student. In fact, there were times that theShow MoreRelated Bullying and School Violence Essay701 Words   |  3 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The article title states exactly what the article talks about, the many different cases of bullying and violence in schools. The title tells you exactly what to expect from the abstract but does not give away any information on what it includes. The author did a good job deciding on the title because although it is simple, it grabs your attention, it certainly did mine. Bullying is a very common happening among young children so the title having the word bully in it, draws your attention. ItRead MoreAn Article On Bullying And School Violence853 Words   |  4 Pageslocations around the school before her intentions were discovered. These children just want to feel safe; they re terrified, Jane explained. If feeling safe means doing away with their tormentors, then that s the extremes to which they ll go. Jane s take on bullying is that it has and will continue to lead to school violence conceivably on the scale of the 1999 massacre at Columbine High School that resulted in 13 deaths and 24 students wounded. 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It deals with violence between not only school students, but also attacks by students on school staff. It all began with the Pontiac Rebellion of July 1764. 1927 Andrew Kehoe set bombs off at school in Bath, Michigan. In 1959, Paul Orgeron set off a bomb at a playgroundRead MoreExposure to Gender Based Violence and Its Influence on Bullying Behavior919 Words   |  4 Pagesgender based violence and its influences on bullying behavior at Belmopan Comprehensive High School. This study will not identify a student by name that displays: ïÆ'Ëœ The highest level of exposure on Gender Based violence at home or school. ïÆ'Ëœ The effects of the exposure to violence at home. ïÆ'Ëœ The student’s collaborative academic work performance in his or her classroom. 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They consider the latter a far greater problem than the former (Domino, 2013). Bullying has been defined as a subcategory of interpersonal aggression characterized by intentionality, repetition, and imbalance of power, with abuse of power being a primary distinction between bullying and other formsRead MoreThe Increase of School Violence in America Essay1144 Words   |  5 PagesIs school violence increasing or decreasing? There has been a huge debate about is school violence increasing or decreasing? Reasons why school violence is decreasing is that many schools now have rules and policies such as metal detectors and locker checks, these rules and policies help teachers and students realize that for what purpose do these students bring these kinds of items to school. Also when kids understand that they shouldn’t do these kinds of things they think the teachers are rightRead MoreThe Issue Of Disciplinary Infractions For High School Students805 Words   |  4 PagesAdministrator for Jefferson County Public School District. The interview was on the topic of ethical fairness in education. Dr. Wallace discussed the issue of disciplinary infractions for high school students. He pointed out that bullying and acts of violence are becoming a major problem for administrators. According to Dr. Wallace, administrators must learn how to strike a balance in respecting the rights of children and eradicating acts of bullying and violence. According to Dr. Wallace, two studentsRead MoreTypes of Bullying Behavior742 Words   |  3 PagesHow many of you know someone that has been a victim of bullying? or have been victims of a bully? Statistically schools students have a one in seven chance of being on the receiving end of a bullies rage (NBNBD). In the United States, there is an estimated 160,000 children miss school every day due to fear of attack or intimidation by other students (NEA), but what are the contributing factors in school violence? What and why do bullies to want to inflict pain on someone? We need to find the

Accounting Equations Free Essays

ACCOUNTING EQUATIONS 1. Show the accounting equation for the following transaction (i) Ram started business with cash 20000, stock 50000, building 30000 (ii) Sold goods to Amit for cash 20000 and credit 15000 (iii) Paid rent 500 and rent outstanding 150 (iv) Sold goods costing 12000 for Rs. 15000 (v) Accrued commission 2000 (vi) Furniture purchased from Lalit 12000 and paid 3000 in cash (vii) Received from Amit 13500 in full settlement (viii) Insurance paid 15000 for 15 months (ix) Commission received in advance 400 (x) Cash deposited into saving bank a/c 7000 xi) Building purchased and paid by cheque 5000 (xii) Paid to Lalit Rs. We will write a custom essay sample on Accounting Equations or any similar topic only for you Order Now 8500 in full settlement 2. Ashita began a business as wholesaler of gloves, scarves and caps. The following events have occurred: (i) On January 1 2003, she invested Rs. 1,50,000 in cash in her new business called â€Å"Winter Gifts† (ii) Acquired Rs. 20,000 goods for cash. (iii) A large retail store in Chandigarh, which she hoped would be a big customer, closed its business. (iv) Gloves that cost Rs. 300 in transaction (ii) were of wrong style. She returned them and obtained a full cash refund. (v) She sold her personal savings certificates for Rs. ,000 to acquire machinery for â€Å"Winter Gifts†. (vi) She paid two months’ rent in advance for her office Rs. 5,000 Show the effect of the above transactions on the accounting equation. 3. A summary of the transactions of the business of Suresh are as follows:- Please explain the same in form of equations. 2008 March 1) Suresh began business with Rs. 50,000 in cash. 2) Took a loan of Rs. 20,000 from Manish. 3) Purc hased for cash, two computers each costing Rs. 29,000. 4) Purchased supplies of floppy disks and stationery for Rs. 6,000/- on credit. 19) Received a price of Rs. 12,000 in cash for software services. 1) Paid creditor for supplies of Rs. 2,000 29) Paid salaries to employees Rs. 4,000/- and office rent Rs. 1,200/- 30) Deposited Rs. 10,000 in Bank. 31) Withdrew Rs. 3,500 in cash for personal use. 31) Paid Rs. 2,000 in cash for employees general insurance. 4. Ram started business with 10,000, paid into bank 7000, bought goods for cash 500, drew cash from bank for credit 100, sold goods to Krishna goods on credit 150, bought from Shyam goods on credit 225, received from Krishna 145 allowed him discount 5, paid Shyam cash 215 discount allowed 10, cash sales for the month 800, paid rent 50 and paid salary 100. . Ramgopal started business with cash 8000. He bought goods for cash 5000. He sold goods worth Rs. 300 for Rs. 400 to Mr. Manoharlal. Paid into bank Rs. 3000. Bought goods from Mr. Hari Rs. 225. Paid cash to Hari Rs. 215, discount allowed by him Rs. 10 Sold goods worth Rs. 400 for Rs. 450 for cash to Mr. Murali. Received cash from Manohar lal Rs. 360 in full final settlement, Paid for stationary Rs. 30 Paid for office furniture Rs. 200, Sold goods worth Rs. 90 to Mr. Kailash for Rs. 100. electricity charges Rs. 150. Received from Kailash Rs. 95. 6. Raju commenced business with cash Rs. 30000 Deposited Rs. 5000 into bank Purchase goods for cash Rs. 12000, credit from Mr. X Rs. 18000 Sold goods for cash Rs. 24000 costing Rs. 18000 Paid rent 300 and rent outstanding Rs. 60 Bought furniture Rs. 3000 on credit from Durian Furniture. Bought refrigerator for personal use Rs. 3000 Purchase building Rs. 12000 Withdrew Rs. 9000 in cash from bank and invested Rs. 4500 in shares of XY Co. Purchase a second-hand two wheeler for staff Rs. 9000 giving Rs. 3000 in cash and balance through a loan. Sold shares costing Rs. 600 for Rs. 900 Paid Rs. 300 for loan and Rs. 180 for interest Received cash for dividends on shares Rs. 20. 7. Shriram commenced business with cash Rs. 30000, stock Rs. 5000 and building Rs. 50000 Paid rent in advance Rs. 1200 Purchase typewriter Rs. 4200 Bought furniture from Mohan on credit Rs. 1800 Purchase goods from Sohan for cash Rs. 21000 Sold goods to Shyam for cash Rs. 30000 costing Rs. 24000 Bought goods from Ramesh Rs. 28000 Shyam paid Rs. 23500 in full final settlement. Purchase furniture for Rs. 9000 giving Rs. 1500 in cash and balance through a loan Goods destroyed by fire cost Rs. 300 sale price Rs. 360 Paid half the amount owed to Mohan Sold goods to Ramu for cash Rs. 30000 costing Rs. 4000 Withdrew goods for personal use cost Rs. 300 sale price Rs. 360 Received Rs. 29700 from Ramu in full settlement of his account Paid Rs. 27820 to Ramesh in full settlement Charge depreciation Rs. 180 on furniture 8. The followings are the assets of a business established 10 years back on 1 April 2010: Cash Rs. 1200, Bank Rs. 40800, Stock Rs. 24000, Machinery Rs. 60000, Furniture Rs. 6000 Narayan Bros Rs. 9000, B K Bros Rs. 15000, The following are the liabilities as on that date: Loan Rs. 30000, JK Bros Rs. 12000 The following transactions occurred during the year: Bought goods on credit from SN Co. Rs. 6000 Sold goods for cash to Dhiraj Rs. 2400 Sold goods to Narayan Bros on credit Rs. 6000 Received from Narayan Bros in full settlement of the amount due Rs. 8700 Payment made to JK Bros by cheque Rs. 5850. They allowed them discount Rs. 150 Old furniture sold for cash Rs. 600 Bought goods for cash Rs. 4500 B K Bros paid by cheque. Cheque was deposited into the bank Rs. 15000 Paid for repairs to machinery Rs. 600 Bought goods from JK Bros Rs. 6000. Paid carriage on these goods Rs. 300 Received cheque from Narayan Bros. Deposited in the bank Rs. 5700, discount allowed to them Rs. 00 Paid cheque to JK Bros Rs. 6000. Bank intimated that the cheque of Narayan Bros has returned unpaid. Sold goods worth Rs. 2000 for cash Rs. 3000 Withdrew for private use Rs. 150 9. On December 1, Mr. X purchased second hand machinery from Mr J 30000 against a cheque and spent Rs. 300 on its cartage and Rs. 700 on its installation and Rs. 4000 on its repairs December 3 Paid income tax Rs. 2000 December 16 paid insurance in advance Rs. 1600 December 18 Paid rent of building Rs. 12000, half of the building is used by the proprietor for residential use December 20 Paid life insurance premium Rs. 000 December 26 Goods worth Rs. 2000 and cash Rs. 1000 taken away by the proprietor. December 31 Rent due to land lord Rs. 1000 December 31 Due to clerk Rs. 500 Dece,ber 31 Provide depreciation on the same machinery on 20% pa. 10. April 1 Mr. Singh owes Mr. Robert 15000. On the same day Mr. Harmeet owed Mr. Singh 20000. April 4 Mr. Robert sold goods worth 60000 on trade discount 10% to Mr. Singh. April 6 Mr. Singh sold goods worth Rs. 27,000 to Mr. Harmeet priced at Rs. 30000. April 17 Purchase of Rs. 25000 worth of goods from Robert which was sold to Harmeet at a profit Rs. 5000. April 18 Mr. Singh rejected 10% of Robert’s goods for being defective. April 19 Mr. Singh issued a cash bill of Rs. 10000 to Mr. Harmeet who came personally for this assignment of goods urgently needed by him. April 22 Mr. Harmeet cleared half his amount by cheque, due to Mr. Singh enjoying a half % cash discount April 26 Roberts’s total dues were cleared by cheque enjoying a cash discount of Rs. 1000 on the payment made. April 29 Closed Harmeet’s account to record the fact that all but Rs. 5000 was cleared by him by cheque because he was declared insolvent Evaluate the transactions in the books of Mr. Singh using accounting equation. How to cite Accounting Equations, Papers Accounting Equations Free Essays ACCOUNTING EQUATIONS 1. Show the accounting equation for the following transaction (i) Ram started business with cash 20000, stock 50000, building 30000 (ii) Sold goods to Amit for cash 20000 and credit 15000 (iii) Paid rent 500 and rent outstanding 150 (iv) Sold goods costing 12000 for Rs. 15000 (v) Accrued commission 2000 (vi) Furniture purchased from Lalit 12000 and paid 3000 in cash (vii) Received from Amit 13500 in full settlement (viii) Insurance paid 15000 for 15 months (ix) Commission received in advance 400 (x) Cash deposited into saving bank a/c 7000 xi) Building purchased and paid by cheque 5000 (xii) Paid to Lalit Rs. We will write a custom essay sample on Accounting Equations or any similar topic only for you Order Now 8500 in full settlement 2. Ashita began a business as wholesaler of gloves, scarves and caps. The following events have occurred: (i) On January 1 2003, she invested Rs. 1,50,000 in cash in her new business called â€Å"Winter Gifts† (ii) Acquired Rs. 20,000 goods for cash. (iii) A large retail store in Chandigarh, which she hoped would be a big customer, closed its business. (iv) Gloves that cost Rs. 300 in transaction (ii) were of wrong style. She returned them and obtained a full cash refund. (v) She sold her personal savings certificates for Rs. ,000 to acquire machinery for â€Å"Winter Gifts†. (vi) She paid two months’ rent in advance for her office Rs. 5,000 Show the effect of the above transactions on the accounting equation. 3. A summary of the transactions of the business of Suresh are as follows:- Please explain the same in form of equations. 2008 March 1) Suresh began business with Rs. 50,000 in cash. 2) Took a loan of Rs. 20,000 from Manish. 3) Purc hased for cash, two computers each costing Rs. 29,000. 4) Purchased supplies of floppy disks and stationery for Rs. 6,000/- on credit. 19) Received a price of Rs. 12,000 in cash for software services. 1) Paid creditor for supplies of Rs. 2,000 29) Paid salaries to employees Rs. 4,000/- and office rent Rs. 1,200/- 30) Deposited Rs. 10,000 in Bank. 31) Withdrew Rs. 3,500 in cash for personal use. 31) Paid Rs. 2,000 in cash for employees general insurance. 4. Ram started business with 10,000, paid into bank 7000, bought goods for cash 500, drew cash from bank for credit 100, sold goods to Krishna goods on credit 150, bought from Shyam goods on credit 225, received from Krishna 145 allowed him discount 5, paid Shyam cash 215 discount allowed 10, cash sales for the month 800, paid rent 50 and paid salary 100. . Ramgopal started business with cash 8000. He bought goods for cash 5000. He sold goods worth Rs. 300 for Rs. 400 to Mr. Manoharlal. Paid into bank Rs. 3000. Bought goods from Mr. Hari Rs. 225. Paid cash to Hari Rs. 215, discount allowed by him Rs. 10 Sold goods worth Rs. 400 for Rs. 450 for cash to Mr. Murali. Received cash from Manohar lal Rs. 360 in full final settlement, Paid for stationary Rs. 30 Paid for office furniture Rs. 200, Sold goods worth Rs. 90 to Mr. Kailash for Rs. 100. electricity charges Rs. 150. Received from Kailash Rs. 95. 6. Raju commenced business with cash Rs. 30000 Deposited Rs. 5000 into bank Purchase goods for cash Rs. 12000, credit from Mr. X Rs. 18000 Sold goods for cash Rs. 24000 costing Rs. 18000 Paid rent 300 and rent outstanding Rs. 60 Bought furniture Rs. 3000 on credit from Durian Furniture. Bought refrigerator for personal use Rs. 3000 Purchase building Rs. 12000 Withdrew Rs. 9000 in cash from bank and invested Rs. 4500 in shares of XY Co. Purchase a second-hand two wheeler for staff Rs. 9000 giving Rs. 3000 in cash and balance through a loan. Sold shares costing Rs. 600 for Rs. 900 Paid Rs. 300 for loan and Rs. 180 for interest Received cash for dividends on shares Rs. 20. 7. Shriram commenced business with cash Rs. 30000, stock Rs. 5000 and building Rs. 50000 Paid rent in advance Rs. 1200 Purchase typewriter Rs. 4200 Bought furniture from Mohan on credit Rs. 1800 Purchase goods from Sohan for cash Rs. 21000 Sold goods to Shyam for cash Rs. 30000 costing Rs. 24000 Bought goods from Ramesh Rs. 28000 Shyam paid Rs. 23500 in full final settlement. Purchase furniture for Rs. 9000 giving Rs. 1500 in cash and balance through a loan Goods destroyed by fire cost Rs. 300 sale price Rs. 360 Paid half the amount owed to Mohan Sold goods to Ramu for cash Rs. 30000 costing Rs. 4000 Withdrew goods for personal use cost Rs. 300 sale price Rs. 360 Received Rs. 29700 from Ramu in full settlement of his account Paid Rs. 27820 to Ramesh in full settlement Charge depreciation Rs. 180 on furniture 8. The followings are the assets of a business established 10 years back on 1 April 2010: Cash Rs. 1200, Bank Rs. 40800, Stock Rs. 24000, Machinery Rs. 60000, Furniture Rs. 6000 Narayan Bros Rs. 9000, B K Bros Rs. 15000, The following are the liabilities as on that date: Loan Rs. 30000, JK Bros Rs. 12000 The following transactions occurred during the year: Bought goods on credit from SN Co. Rs. 6000 Sold goods for cash to Dhiraj Rs. 2400 Sold goods to Narayan Bros on credit Rs. 6000 Received from Narayan Bros in full settlement of the amount due Rs. 8700 Payment made to JK Bros by cheque Rs. 5850. They allowed them discount Rs. 150 Old furniture sold for cash Rs. 600 Bought goods for cash Rs. 4500 B K Bros paid by cheque. Cheque was deposited into the bank Rs. 15000 Paid for repairs to machinery Rs. 600 Bought goods from JK Bros Rs. 6000. Paid carriage on these goods Rs. 300 Received cheque from Narayan Bros. Deposited in the bank Rs. 5700, discount allowed to them Rs. 00 Paid cheque to JK Bros Rs. 6000. Bank intimated that the cheque of Narayan Bros has returned unpaid. Sold goods worth Rs. 2000 for cash Rs. 3000 Withdrew for private use Rs. 150 9. On December 1, Mr. X purchased second hand machinery from Mr J 30000 against a cheque and spent Rs. 300 on its cartage and Rs. 700 on its installation and Rs. 4000 on its repairs December 3 Paid income tax Rs. 2000 December 16 paid insurance in advance Rs. 1600 December 18 Paid rent of building Rs. 12000, half of the building is used by the proprietor for residential use December 20 Paid life insurance premium Rs. 000 December 26 Goods worth Rs. 2000 and cash Rs. 1000 taken away by the proprietor. December 31 Rent due to land lord Rs. 1000 December 31 Due to clerk Rs. 500 Dece,ber 31 Provide depreciation on the same machinery on 20% pa. 10. April 1 Mr. Singh owes Mr. Robert 15000. On the same day Mr. Harmeet owed Mr. Singh 20000. April 4 Mr. Robert sold goods worth 60000 on trade discount 10% to Mr. Singh. April 6 Mr. Singh sold goods worth Rs. 27,000 to Mr. Harmeet priced at Rs. 30000. April 17 Purchase of Rs. 25000 worth of goods from Robert which was sold to Harmeet at a profit Rs. 5000. April 18 Mr. Singh rejected 10% of Robert’s goods for being defective. April 19 Mr. Singh issued a cash bill of Rs. 10000 to Mr. Harmeet who came personally for this assignment of goods urgently needed by him. April 22 Mr. Harmeet cleared half his amount by cheque, due to Mr. Singh enjoying a half % cash discount April 26 Roberts’s total dues were cleared by cheque enjoying a cash discount of Rs. 1000 on the payment made. April 29 Closed Harmeet’s account to record the fact that all but Rs. 5000 was cleared by him by cheque because he was declared insolvent Evaluate the transactions in the books of Mr. Singh using accounting equation. How to cite Accounting Equations, Essay examples

Islam A Threat To Europe Multicultural Democracies-Free Samples

Question: Is Islam a Threat to Europes Multicultural Democracies? Answer: Introduction Many dwellers of Europe are with thinking that the nature of Islam is not acceptable in the democracy of multi-culture and also of the thinking that Islam always has the tendency to pose a threat of long term in Europe. Main points highlighted by them to the fact that the Islamic societies are not democratic in general and with this justification it is concluded that the reason for that situation is the practiced undemocratic nature of this religion. It is also pointed out by the inhabitants of Europe that that language of Muslim normally has inherent mood to hate the West along with the modern evolution. It is also being inferred that Muslims could not prove them as good citizen in the perspective of Western democracies (Richardson, 2012). This present literature study will try to find out the answer of the research question of the sociological impact of Islam and Muslim in the Europe with special emphasis on Britain which can be defined as the main cause of Islamophobia. To make th is article more realistic without considering any generalization in abstract sense with shallow remarks which characterize most of debate, this article will provide justified platform for this debate on the perspective of Britain as it represents the natural trend of greater Europe related to democracy and Muslim population, this will be good to find the conclusion on this subject with this consideration in order to prove to acceptable for Britain and rest of Europe simultaneously. Literature study In his work Is Islam a Threat to Europes Multicultural Democracies? Published in the book Religion In the New Europe (pages 111 to 121) Lord Bhiku Parekh had put light on the issues of sociological parameters related to the Islam and Muslims in the Europe to find the basic causes of the feeling of Islamophobia. In his article, he had emphasized in different issues related to this subject which are discussed below: Demographic constitution of Muslim community in Britain- As per the census of 2001, Britain has the population of Muslims of around 3 % of total citizen. Main portion of Muslim population had come from the Indian subcontinent with lion share being contributed from the rural areas of Pakistan and Bangladesh. It is observed that the adoptability of Western culture is not due to their religion but from their cultural difference with basic criterion of unfamiliarity of social culture. It is observed that the lion share of the Muslim population is of relatively younger age. There was found four Muslim riots which are compared with eight riots related to race by Afro-Caribbean. Basic reasons for those four riots are for Satanic Verses of Rushdie and insensitivity of police and racist marches. It is also observed that Muslim community has not posed major threats to the law and order situation to the democracy of Britain. There are other challenges presented by Muslim of UK which are caused for social and cultural practices of Muslim, their moral values and with the demand of citizenship (Aidi, Billoo, Daulatzai, Fadil, 2012, 3-9). Clash of Practices- There are different issues in this subject like food habits, dress habits, marriage system, education of Muslims in Britain. Their food habit with religious rituals like Halal is being allowed by the British Government. Their dress code, flexibility of prayer time during work, introduction of public funded schools for Muslim community, marriage practice endorsing polygamy and arranged marriages are being considered with consideration till the time the same had pose any direct threat to the social situation for the society and the community (McLuhan, 2010, 9-13). Clash of values- Basic social values of equality, tolerance, freedom to express, amicable settlement of difference of opinion, and providing due respect for majority decision are the aspects which are to be endorsed for any social set up. The Muslims of Britain has complied with respectable consideration in this aspect. Equality of races is a significant value and practice of Muslims with some constraints found in case equality of sexes. The Muslims of Britain have never showed their declination for the subject of enjoyment of equality of sex for their women so far social, civil and political rights are concerned for any individual being. Muslim women are not restricted to take part in exercising their voting rights although the percentage of participation not as per the expectation in case of male. The representation of female in local councilors is under five while one out of four Muslim members of House of Lords is woman. There is no existence of Muslim Women in parliamentary cand idature which has caused no participation as such for this situation. The Muslim organizations are, by and large, dominated by men. For freedom of speech, Muslims community does not value it like the liberals. They are more concerned about the sensitive issues like Satanic Verses of Rushdie with demanding of the same to be banned, at least for the paperback editions. When the government had declined this, they have had gave up the demand followed by continuous complain. Regarding discrimination of employment considering the sex and religion is wanted to be banned by the Muslims in Britain. The government had a patient consideration of the issue and the European directive is also not endorsing the consideration of discrimination of religion for employment which is accepted by the British government. Tolerance of British Muslims is often found to meet the expected level in perspective of internal decency regarding the practices of wider society which they are not approving. They show their protest but with the permissible limit in case of their religion is being attacked or misrepresented by others. The Muslims of Britain are tending to rely on persuasion, peaceful protest and political pressure for raising their demand as discussed earlier without creating any major incident of violence except those four riots as declared earlier. In spite of some issues, the Muslims of Britain had accepted the proposed ban on the issues of polygamy and status of women. Even in case of denial of public funding of schools and discrimination of employment and other areas, they never raised any protest through violence (McQuail, 2010). Demand of citizenship- the citizens of a democratic society are needed to cultivate certain pre-fixed virtues which are forming the core of democratic culture. Without this culture, democratic institutions normally and resultantly lose their vitality. Main features of these virtues are being loyal to the state, participating in public affairs, showing respect to legislation and parliamentary constitution, feeling of pride for being the part of the country followed by subsequent commitment and sharing the identity of British nationality. To discuss these issues, there are some theological debate about the obligations of Muslim to any non-Muslim state, but British Muslims had accepted in wide manner their unreserved owing to loyalty. It is not that they do this under pressure of circumstances, but they do it with their unconditional will. The percentage of Muslim community exercising their voting right in different level of election is not felt to be different from the trend of the soc iety. There are a number of 150 local councilors and eight mayors from Muslim community which does not make so big difference compared to other ethnic minorities. The representation of Muslim in House of Lords is four and three in the House of Commons which proves to be bigger than that of some other ethnic minorities. The society of British Muslim never challenges their identities with legitimacy in question. Public opinion survey showed the result that most of the Muslims feel proud to stay in Britain with the commitment for it stability and prosperity. Normally Islam is being interpreted in Britain in such a manner that in formal or informal ways it shows its inclination to the British Democracy by respecting the British democracy with its values. This is largely applicable for other European countries too where the Muslims are showing their respect to the subject of respect to the democracy as it is practiced in those countries. It may be the fact that Muslim societies have neve r developed the habit of staying in a stable democracy, but they have never posed any threat to that, too with the flexible attitude to adjust them (Sajid, 2005). Islam and multiculturalism- Even if the Muslims has no such problem in living in a democracy, they face some difficulties while coping up with the multicultural society. The Muslims are inclined to the faith on Islams superiority, unlike the followers of other religion. Their holy book, Koran is to be considered as unique as per the perspective of literal, unmediated and direct word of God. It is always adjudged to represent as the conclusive and definitive valuation of God which supersedes the other religion of the world including Christianity and Judaism (Ilic, Hassan, Siddiqi, White, 2013, 5-7). To conclude as the article written by Lord, Bhiku parekh, Islam constitutes a significant part of Europe with its cultural identity. Europe, has acknowledged the significance appearance of Muslim communities with its automatic formation. Their different reactions endorsed with friendly attitude with hostile behavior, have made them realizable or acknowledgeable to their true feeling. Except of Spain and other parts of Eastern Europe, they are behaving to interact with distance and outside the geographical boundaries of Europe. It is the high time that they should find some new ways to cultivate their civic attitude of friendship within the Europe for which the rational and logical reasoning was supported in this article(Parekh, 2012). In the literature Social Identity Theory for Investigating Islamic Extremism in the Diaspora by Dina Al Raffie which was published by Journal of Strategic Security Volume 6 Number 4 Volume 6, No. 4: Winter 2013 Article 4. In this article radicalization and socialization had been highlighted by the author. It is stated that there is specific grey area which happens to exist between drivers for radicalization at the level of individual which also persists in the organizational level in which the individual has made his presence through membership as a contributor to violent extremist organization. The second category, as specified in Dielgaard-Nielsen in his work Social Movement Theory and Network Theory, though summarizing scholarly effort in order to bridge this gap through suggestions of transactions at the level of group or community which can have the ability to foster the required environment which is promoting to adopt such ideas sponsoring violent and extremist in nature and ap plication with subsequent behaviors. There are other contemporary works of Wiktorowiczs, Sageman, Neumann and Rogers, and McCauley on the driving forces of radicalization through the specified social processes. Sageman had used network theory which has the ability to demonstrate the importance of the concepts like personal relations, kinship and social circles to reinforce ideology which can encourage extremist attitude. The importance of social movement theories and group dynamics are there for examining the way the individuals and communities are getting mobilized by changing the meaning of construction by applying selective framing techniques. These approaches by sponsoring the constructive attitude to understand radicalization are proved to be useful as they contribute directly to help building on self- understanding of the magnitude of manipulation of identities to ensure mobilization of individuals to serve the purpose of ideologies (Jannah, 2015). The French Sociology School is instrumental to set the identity as the basic factors of radicalization as the same school follows on through suggestions extended for the next step in the process. This process can make guidance for both extremist and non-extremist components work for reformulation of identities of Muslim community of youth by creating of social circles which can help bonding of selected identities (Raffie, 2013, 67-91). Conclusion To evaluate the research question, two different articles were considered which had emphasized on the social aspects on the issue of Islamophobia. From the first article by Lord Bhikhu Parekh, it is emphasized that Islamophobia is a mere statement which is far from reality considering the Muslim inhabitants in Britain. The other article had also emphasized the role of different ideologies in construction of the social values of human being in perspective of Islam. Hence the research question of assessing the existence of Islamophobia in true sense is found with the answer that it is created by the Western media and the same concept needs to be attended with social ideologies, in case it appears in broader form to make threat to the global mankind. References: Aidi, H., Billoo, Z., Daulatzai, S., Fadil, N. (2012). The Islamophobia . Islamophobia studies journal , 1 (1), 9-31. Ilic, D., Hassan, A., Siddiqi, K., White, B. (2013). Innocent Mistakes: A Controversial Film Finds Journalism Caught Between. Ejn. Jannah. (2015). The Freedom Forum First Amendment Center. McLuhan, M. (2010). Understanding Media: The extensions of man . London and New York. McQuail, D. (2010). McQuails Mass Communication Theory. Thousand Oaks: SAGE. Parekh, B. (2012). Is Islam a Threat to Europes Multicultural Democracies? Retrieved May 23, 2017, from Openedition: https://books.openedition.org/ceup/1283?lang=en#tocfrom2n1 Raffie, D. A. (2013). Social Identity Theory for Investigating Islamic Extremism in the Diaspora. Journal of Strategic Security , 4 (6), 67-91. Richardson, R. (2012). Islamophobia or anti-Muslim racism or what? concepts and terms revisited. London. Sajid, A. (2005). Islamophobia: A new word for an old fear . Cordoba: OSCE

Employability skills Essay Example

Employability skills Essay Employability skills are a range of skills that will allow a person to perform different jobs well. These are essential to be able to work effectively in a modern workplace. You can subdivide employability skills, I explain them below. Suitable qualifications. For different types of jobs there are different types of qualification required. Egg. Professional careers such as accountancy, human resources and marketing employers will often look for candidates with problem solving and critical skills who have at least A- level. To work at TNT as Junior Legal Counsel you need a completed education business economics and you need National and/or international law degree. Experience in similar job roles. If you have done a similar work in a organisation, it should indicate that you can do this again in a other organisation. When you are applying for a job, you should thing about what experience you already have and if some of those experiences also can be successful in the new role. If you already worked in the same industry, you should make this very clear in your CV and letter of application because such experience could be very valued for the prospective employer. Experience of specific industry. If you can show that you have worked in a specific industry before, you should demonstrate this when you are applying for a job. If you already have worked in the same industry, employers do not have to train you again. TNT would appreciate experience. We will write a custom essay sample on Employability skills specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Employability skills specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Employability skills specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This means that a person is able to handle the functions that are described in the advertisement. Knowledge of services and products. To improve your chances by obtaining for a job if you can demonstrate a sound understanding of the products or services the company provides, so product knowledge is essential, especially if you want to work in a customer service role. TNT provides services. TNT has a website with a lot of information about all their insurances and services they provide, so you can read about the product you sell. Effectiveness in meeting personal and teams or departments targets. Meeting targets is essential for every businesss success, and employees must be able to meets targets too. If there is worked for targets in your previous jobs too, you should be able to explain how successful you have been in your job-interview or letter of application. TNT asks for someone who is not going to be stressed out at the end of the deadline. Planning and making schedules are necessary. Ability to observe and raise professional standards of production or service delivery Employees who are able to work consistently with the standards of the organisation will be appreciated by the organisation, which aims are to improve the standards by suggesting and the implementation of better ways of doing the job are even more successful. Candidates who can describe or demonstrate how they have done this in previous posts will undoubtedly improve their chances of being employed. Its not very useful to immediately wanting to improve standards by suggesting and implementing thins at once. When you are new, you first need to observe the company. Personal skills Certain skills will be beneficial regardless of the job or career that you pursue and these transferable personal skills make a candidate attractive to a new employer. Hardworking and patient. Someone who gets a lot of work done is bound to be valued, if those workers spend much time with answering their mobile phones surfing the Internet during working hours will not make a good impression. So have a good handle against the distractions of modern life. Patience is also required in many jobs, especially if you are dealing with members of the public! Its not only TNT who needs people that are hardworking and patient. Every manager would like these skills. Its good for the organisation. Good interpersonal skills. Interpersonal skills can enable us to get working along with other people, promoting good relationships at the workplace and enable us to do the work better or more efficiently. Some people are naturally good to get on with others and encourage colleagues, but it is possible to learn good interpersonal skills. If you think your skills in this area could be lacking it worth it will be active to them; these opportunities will make you more employable and will also allow you to do a better job. Some interpersonal skills are very simple, such as smiling. A cheerful smile can split up barriers and encourage someone to listen and speak to you, remind yourself to smile because it is a good is beginning for improving tour interpersonal skills! TNT asks for good communications skills, you need foot interpersonal skills for this. Able to work as part of a team. Interpersonal skills will be crucial to your ability to work effectively in a team of people, but a series of skills and other considerations are also important. By TNT youre going to work in a central team of 4 lawyers assisted, teamwork is really important. Negotiation. Another useful skill for a worker is the ability to negotiate effectively. Negotiating deals with a subject with a view to some agreement or a common ground. At the beginning of the negotiations concerned parties usually have very different opinions about what should be done so that the art of negotiation is to find common ground that both parties can agree on making it a win-win situation. Negotiation is the process of consent and may therefore be useful for resolving conflicts between members of staff, agreeing personal or departmental objectives, agreeing the financial resources and interviewing, especially for new employees. It may also be useful to personally negotiate salary increases and better working conditions. TNT dont need someone who can negotiate very well. Interview skills. Interviewing skills can be useful in some contexts. Being able to interview clients or customers actually encourages the sale or improving relationships with customers will be useful for many organizations. Moreover it will be a plus for the effective identification of the best candidates in the interviewing of potential new employees or dealing with situations for the assessment of the current members of the staff. TNT like to have them but for this advertisement its not necessary. Communication skills Formal and informal communication Formal communication includes board meetings, letters, formal reports and presentations. With formal communication you need to use specific formats and follow acceptable rules and conventions. Informal communication doesnt follow any prescribed conventions or formats and often happen spontaneously. Because TNT ask for a responsible attitude, you need to use clear communication to everybody so that everyone can understand what you are doing. Non-verbal/verbal communication methods Non-verbal communication involves written communication. Mostly common methods are letters, memos, reports, invoices, flow charts, publicity material, email, text messaging and web pages. Verbal communication involves those using the human voice such as presentations, interviews, meetings, telephone calls and video conferencing.

Music Drugs Essays

Music Drugs Essays Music Drugs Essay Music Drugs Essay Name: Instructor: Course: Date: Music and Drugs Individuals take drugs based on various reasons. These reasons include psychiatric, spiritual and recreational uses. Foremost, the psychiatric use of drugs involves the use of specific medication in order to alleviate mental distress. Usually, patients attending psychotherapy receive prescription to partake psychiatric drugs as part of their therapeutic treatment. The spiritual use of drugs involves using psychoactive drugs in order to induce an alleviated state of which users regard as the manifestation of spiritual state. Recreational use, on the other hand, involves using psychoactive drugs for the purposes of experimentation and enjoyment. Various genres of music incorporate several features that induce a psychedelic state among individuals. Particularly, one feature that leads to such a state comprises the lyrics. Since a song comprises a series of notes that the listener desires to follow, the lyrics act as a major influence towards inducing a psychedelic state especially if they refer to specific psychoactive drugs. As such, by making specific references to psychoactive drugs as well as the pleasure they induce, persons become influenced to engage in taking hallucinogens in order to experience the pleasurable state the lyrics address. Personally, the main incentives leading to the experience of a change in time or space arose from the effects of drugs. At one point, listening to psychedelic music especially rock music from bands such as the Jimi Hendrix Experience propelled me to engage in one of the most common hallucinogens, LSD. Most of the lyrics in the band’s songs made a direct reference to drugs, which on the other hand, influenced me to consume LSD. The drug coupled with the musical effect induced a state of hallucinations depicted by vivid colors and patterns as well a sense of pleasure and excitement.

The essentials of international marketing in the context of a UK-based Essay

The essentials of international marketing in the context of a UK-based firm, Directa Ltd - Essay Example The paper tells that the world today has become a global village. Information exchange can occur within a matter of milliseconds over thousands of miles. Technology has revolutionized every field, from arts and education to organizational management. It has also opened up new vistas of business management that were not plausible a few decades ago. One of the most important revolutions of globalization has been global marketing. Internationalization and global marketing strategies has not only garnered the attention of large corporations but small and medium sized enterprises are also considering marketing across national borders. This tends to highlight the role globalization is playing in the contemporary business arena. In order to comprehend the processes underlying and factors influencing global marketing, one needs to gain an insight into the operational dynamics of marketing on an international level. Moreover, marketing across borders is not limited to the domain of multinatio nal organizations, as was conventional few years ago. Globalization has offered businesses opportunities to expand its consumer base and to profit from international demand. Directa (UK) Ltd is a UK-based organization and deals with the distribution of industrial products. The company is located in the city of Essex and has a workforce of more than 80 people. It was established in 1971 and four decades since its inception, the company has become one of the leading distributors of tapes, signs, abrasives and adhesives along with other industry-related good and products. The company offers products from a number of leading brands such as 3M, Duracell and Velcro and has also launched its own products such as Deemark, a safety marking product, and Sparks, a PVC tape. The company has an online ordering service whereby customers can select from a range of more than 10,000 products and pay via SAGE. Moreover, the company has a functional ordering service on the phone too. Directa does not disregard its responsibility towards the environment and believes in sustainable business production. The company links up with Green Recycling Ltd and approximately 98% of the waste product is recycled. The company works in alignment with the Waste Electrical of Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive whereby it encourages the recycling and reuse of electrical equipment. For instance, Directa has launched a take-back scheme which encompasses recycling of used up batteries which are to be disposed otherwise by the customer (Directa, 2012). Previously the company was only a catalogue-only supplier. However as the business grew, the pressure on margins also rose (Jadu, 2012). This, coupled with flat sales, led the business towards a revision of the business model it employed. The issues highlighted, after the company heads and managers came together to discuss the progress of the company, included usage of the resources below an optimum level, lack of proper leadership to guide the grow th initiative and the boasting of sales by competitors by using internet for marketing. The company responded to this by setting up an e-commerce website that allowed customers to do business with Directa online. The marketing manager at Directa, Ciaran Crowley, was in charge of this initiative (Jadu, 2012). He not only focused on the use of warehouses and other resources of the company to develop new products but also realized the potential of telesales. Subsequently, an official website of the company was launched after considering a range of business frameworks and analyzing the organizational structure. Furthermore, the company spent time and resources not only developing,

Medical Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Medical Ethics - Essay Example Forceful circumstances that can dictate the amputation of limbs include stopping the spread of a certain condition like malignant cancer to other parts of the body, serious diabetes or an extensively fractured/damaged leg. However, some people may demand such a medical operation despite their perfect state of health. An example is a person with a rational desire to have one of their perfectly healthy limbs amputated. In such a case, serious issues in the field of medical ethics have to be considered before the physicians can go ahead with the amputation or reject this request. The aim of this paper is to give an argument that physicians have a moral reason to permit the individual to go through with the amputation. The second part of the paper gives an objection to this argument followed by a justification of the stronger argument. Argument in support for the amputation as a moral duty One of the critical ethical issues to be considered in the case of such a request is patient autono my. First of all, it is very true to say that every person has the right to do whatever they want with their bodies. This is because the issue of personal autonomy has to be respected. In fact, it is one of the ethical principles in the medical field. Despite this, any request concerning medical procedures that comes directly from the patient has to indicate some rationality behind it. In this case, the patient has expressed a rational desire to have their perfectly healthy limb amputated. Despite being a rational desire, the request has higher chances of being granted if it expresses the person’s autonomy. In order to arrive at a good conclusion regarding this case, it is important to make a thorough examination of the concept of rational desires and how they relate to personal autonomy. Savulescu made a distinction between desires and rational desires. According to him, a rational desire is a desire that a person expresses while in possession of all relevant facts while "vi vidly imagining" what its consequences would be for them. At the time of its expression, the person should not commit any relevant error of logic as well (Savulescu a 121). Savulescu goes ahead to explain that a desire must be a rational desire or satisfy a person's rational desires for it to be treated as an expression of the person's autonomy. The principle of autonomy has a big role in the medical field hence it is a general requirement that physicians should respect the autonomous choices of their patients. According to Beauchamp and Childress (99), autonomy can be described as self-rule, that is, free from limitations such as limited understanding, that may prevent rational/meaningful choices, and controlling inferences from other persons. From this description, it is clear that autonomy is complete if the person is in a position to make meaningful or rational choices. These choices are later expressed as rational desires. In other words, the expression of rational desires is t he practice of personal autonomy. On the other hand, autonomy is the expression of such rational demands. This means the concepts of rational desires and autonomy are inseparable. Instead, they are an expression of each other. This means any decision made within the boundaries of informed consent is a guided by both a respect to the rational autonomy of a person and their rational desires. Going against this informed consent will therefore

Human Factors in Aviation Safety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Human Factors in Aviation Safety - Essay Example At the time, it received high-profile attention from the media, which covered the incident on live television (JetBlue plane, 2005; JetBlue passengers, 2005; JetBlue Airways, 2006). The purpose of this paper is to explore the human factor as it relates to this mishap. The pilot and crew are the first to become the focus of any airline mishap. Other human factors involve maintenance, traffic control and aircraft design. As noted by Wikipedia, "the ability of the flight crew to maintain situational awareness is a critical human factor in air safety" (Air Safety, 2006). A broad definition of situational awareness in flight is observing everything that happens in the immediate area and determining its importance in a complex environment. Initiation of a pilot checklist in 1937 and the relatively new concept of situational awareness have contributed to aircraft safety. Even so, pilot error is considered the most common factor of aviation crashes. Although it is often a factor in midair collisions, additional causes might be due to adverse weather conditions. Crew resource management (CRM) training is another recent effort to reduce pilot error. Terrorism has been added to the human factor list following 9/11/1001, which involved four different commerc ial aircraft (Air Safety, 2006). In the case of the 2005 JetBlue mishap, ... In fact, Robert Boser, editor of Aviation Safety.com, commended the pilot, Captain Scott Burke, who managed to stop the plane in the middle of the 12,000-foot runway at LAX without having the nose break off. The only damage to the plane was in the front wheel area and no one was injured. Because of sparks and smoke, Burke asked if there was any fire visible, but did not receive an answer from the tower. He therefore used air stairs to disembark the passengers for safety reasons (Boser, 2005). This was his response to an emergency in progress, but was there some way he could have known the problem existed before takeoff What Were the Contributing Factors What were the human factors involved in this incident and how well was the emergency handled In addition, why did it happen at all In the case of pilot error, possible factors that could be involved are alcohol use, nicotine addiction withdrawal, error in copying air traffic control clearances, or mental illness. In the JetBlue incident, the pilot and crew were exonerated of any blame and in fact were lauded. Other factors include oversights in aircraft maintenance, mistakes in air traffic control, or weaknesses in aircraft or equipment design. One question in the relatively short history of JetBlue Airlines is whether such a problem has occurred before. And if it has, what was the cause and what human factors were involved JetBlue has only been in business for six years and offers low fares and extra incentives such as live television, leather seats and wireless Internet, which are not available on other popular low-cost airlines such as Southwest. Because of the passengers' ability to watch CNN on the airline's DirectTV hook up, however, with televisions at every seat, they were able to follow the

Cultural Traits Of The Ancient Greeks English Literature Essay

Cultural Traits Of The Ancient Greeks English Literature Essay Cultural traits can be identified as attributes of a specific civilization in relation to their geography and time period that the civilization existed. The ancient Greek civilization is one of several that we have studied whos cultural traits can be identified as Greek and some that were partly adopted. Many of these cultural traits are evident in works of art that survived the collapse of the Greek civilization. Like many other ancient civilizations, their cultural traits can be identified through literary works. Cultural traits from the ancient Greeks can be found today in our current society. In the next three paragraphs I will discuss some of the ancient Greek cultural traits, how they are displayed in their literature and how some of these are still evident in present day society. The ancient Greek civilization, in my opinion, is one of the most interesting civilizations in history. It was during this time period that we take notice of new and important ways of thinking displayed by an ancient culture, in this case, the Greeks. The ancient Greeks were the first civilization to start stressing the importance of intelligence and having a natural understanding of the world around them. This particular trait is due mostly in part to the Sophists, more commonly known as the professors of the ancient world. The Sophists greatly encouraged being intelligent and asking questions in search of the truth. They believed the truth was relative to each individual situation and that there are no single truths. This trait is an important change that was beneficial for all societies preceding the Greeks even though it created trouble for them during this time period. As the common folk began to ask questions and improve their intelligence, the political organizations and the G reek government had their hands full trying to keep the masses at bay. This trait would eventually contribute to the fall of the ancient Greek empire. The Greeks were a very anthropocentric culture believing man was the center of everything. They demonstrate this through their religion, which was partly adopted by the earlier Mycenaeans, and the gods they believed in. Even though they worshipped the gods, to them they were only referees and man was essentially the master of his own destiny. The society was dominated by the male gender by not lending any power and very little rights to the women. However, this is not unusual among ancient civilizations. The ancient Greeks also valued morals and tried to keep them at a high standard. This trait was also very important to the advancement of this and later societies by trying to maintain ones family and hold it together using good morals. Two literary works that demonstrate the ancient Greeks cultural traits are Sophocles Oedipus the King and Aristophanes Lysistrata. Sophocles makes this evident at the very beginning of Oedipus the King when Oedipus talks to the commoners who are kneeling at an altar praying. He asks them why they dont come and voice their concerns to him instead of the Gods. Oedipus believes he could do more than the Gods to help them and the city of Thebes. This is exemplary of the ancient Greek anthropocentric view. The importance of holding a family together is also demonstrated by Oedipus. When he receives the prophecy stating he would kill his father and marry his mother, he leaves the city of Corinth. It would be morally wrong for this prophecy to come true and that is why Oedipus disappears to Thebes. Going against wise council from Jocasta, Oedipus goes in search for the truth and discovers that in doing so he had fulfilled his prophecy and had ashamed his family. This embarrassment leads to the suicide of Jocasta and the blindness of Oedipus who at this point has completely self-destructed. In this story, Sophocles is saying, stay morally true to your family or lose everything you once loved. Accepting wise council from the ones closest to you displays much intelligence. Aristophanes displays these same traits in Lysistrata. In this story, Lysistrata demonstrates a keen intellect by devising the plan that eventually brings peace to Greece. This takes great insight into what is actually causing the problem and coming up with a clever solution. Aristophanes also demonstrates how the Greeks were a very patriarchal society. He does this when the women in the story talk about their normal duties around the home and in society, which wasnt much more than household slaves. Lysistrata also makes an example of how good morals keep a family together. Aristophanes does so when the women talk about how they never see their husbands and it makes them sad. Lysistrata and the other G reek woman make it known to the men how important the family is by taking away what they enjoy the most, in this case its sex. These same traits are the foundation of todays society. Thats the only reason Im taking this class. It is important to get an education. It increases my ability to make good decisions in life and find a good job. This will in turn make my life easier and give me the ability to spend more time doing the things that I love. Finding a mate in this world can be tough. Intelligence just happens to be one of the two most sought after qualities by a woman. To me, this is just a few of the many examples of how intelligence plays a role in everything that I do. Morals are also essential to have in todays society. That point has been stressed to me since the very beginning of my life. Without morals it would be very hard to make friends or keep a good reputation among co-workers at just about any job one could think of. It seems that good morals have been on decline in recent years. As the divorce rate increases it seems that the crime rate has increased at almost the same pace. Research has s hown that 90% of divorces are caused by finances. This could all be alleviated by getting an education to help make ones income more stable. Society has in my opinion made leaps and bounds in the treatment of women. Womens rights have come a long way in the last 50 years by gaining higher average wages and the right to vote. Most dont realize that women, logistically, were the reason America played a major role in ending World War II. I dont think that todays society has the same anthropocentric view of the world that ancient Greeks did. However, I do believe that a certain amount of anthropocentrism is inherent in human nature. Even with religion playing a major role in todays society, I still observe men and women walking around believing that they ultimately have the final say on what happens in their environment. This doesnt mean people believe they are the center of the universe. It just means that we help ourselves before we help our environment. This in turn may eventually lead to the demise of the human race because we need our environment to survive In conclusion, I have identified several traits that were possessed by the ancient Greek culture and how these traits were evident in their literary works. It is important to understand how ancient civilizations worked so that we can learn from their mistakes. This will help people in todays society progress as a whole. If we hadnt learned from our past, we wouldnt have but a small portion of the technology and artistic culture that we have today. I think that people as a whole really want the best for other people. By understanding other cultures, ancient or present, we can better understand who we are and where we are headed.

American Slavery :: Slavery Essays

  The purpose of this report was for me to research and explore the connection between African American women and music.  Ã‚  Since prior to the slave decades, music has been an integral part of African American society, and served as a form of social, economic, and emotional support in African American communities in the past and present.  Ã‚  This paper will cover three different types of secular music that emerged during the slave days, through the civil war, reconstruction, and depression periods.  Ã‚  They are blues, jazz, and gospel music.  Ã‚  Each of these forms of music are still in existence today.  Ã‚  In addition to exploring the history of each of these genres of music, this report will identify three African American female music legends, Bessie Smith, Emma Barrett, and Mahalia Jackson. Blues emerged in the period between the end of the civil war, and the beginning of the 20th century.  Ã‚  Originating in the fields of the rural south, it became popular after the emancipation of the slaves.  Ã‚  In this form of music, the singer and composer is one in the same, a characteristic not evident in the spiritual songs of the slave communities.  Ã‚  Spirituals were somewhat of a passage way for blues.  Ã‚  Blues followed blacks to urban societies as spirituals followed the slaves onto the plantations.  Ã‚  The differences between these types of music were that spirituals were collective, whereas an individual sang blues.  Ã‚  Blues attributed to the evolution of black society toward individualism after the collective society of slavery.  Ã‚  Blues became know as the music of the black working class.  Ã‚  It was a way for African Americans to express the modern problems of economics, social errors, and poverty and power struggles they faced after they became free.  Ã‚  African Americans were still living in unjust societies, where jobs were hard to find.  Ã‚  They began to migrate north, but the case remained the same.  Ã‚  They used music for economic gain in nightclubs, corner halls, publishing, and recording.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the greatest African American female blues singers was Bessie Smith.  Ã‚  She was born on April 15, 1894 or 1898.  Ã‚  The exact date is unknown.  Ã‚  Her father William was a preacher, who died when Bessie was very young.  Ã‚  This left her mother to raise seven children on her own.  Ã‚  When Bessie was nine years old, her mother Laura had passed away, and two of her brothers had died as well.  Ã‚  The oldest sister brought up the five remaining brothers and sisters.  Ã‚  Prior to the death of Bessie’s mother, she was singing on a street corner to the accompaniment of her brother’s guitar.

PESTEL Viet Nam Analysis Essay

A. Introduction of Viet Nam Vietnam is approximately 331688 km2 in area and occupied the eastern coast of the Southeast Asian peninsula. The northern part of the country part consists mostly of highlands and the Red River Delta. The south is divided into coastal lowlands and extensive forests. Because of differences in latitude and the marked variety of topographical relief, the climate tends to vary considerably from place to place. During the winter or dry season (November to April), the monsoon wind blowing from the northwest brings considerably moisture. Consequently the winter season in most parts of the country is dry. Major Vietnamese cities include Hanoi in the north, Da Nang in the mid coastal region, and Ho Chi Minh City (formally known as Saigon) to the south. Vietnam has considerable energy resources such as oil, gas and coal and its 41,000 km long waterways provide the basis for hydropower. The country is rich in minerals such as bauxite, iron ore, lead, gold, precious stones, tin, chromate, anthra cite, granite, marble, clay, white sand and graphite. In addition, Vietnam has a considerable fresh and saltwater fauna, dense tropical forestry resources and it possesses great agricultural potential. The history of Vietnam, reference to the Geneva Accord signed in 1954. The accord ended French colonial rule, and the country was partitioned into the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, led by Ho Chi Minh and the Republic of Vietnam in the South. The capitals were Hanoi for the North and Saigon for the South. Fights led by Ho Chi Minh to unite the country started in 1959 and lasted until 1975. Hanoi became the capital of the country whilst Saigon was renamed Ho Chi Minh City. Following reunification, the Vietnamese government’s initial plan was to manage the economy via methods of central planning. Based on experiences gained during the 1976-1980 five years plan, subsequent central plans introduced more relaxed policies with respect to agricultural collectives, State Owned Enterprises and allowed more scope for private initiatives. These measures were instrumental in elevating poverty.  Growth rates during the early 80’s were higher than during the 1976-1980 five year pl an, however it became evident that further policy shift were necessary to enable the Vietnam economy to perform closer to its potential. Economic reform was the key point of discussion at the Sixth National Party Congress held in December 1986. The process then initiated of moving from a centrally planned economy to an open, socialist-oriented and multi-sector market economy known as Doi Moi (renovation). In 1992, the National Assembly revised the post-unification constitution to better reflect the aspirations articulated in the Doi Moi process. Economic performance since 1986 has justified the policy of relaxation of central control, the challenge faced by Vietnam has been the maintenance of rapid economic growth and integration into the global economy. B. â€Å"P.E.S.T.L.E† REPORT ON VIET NAM 1. Politics The Socialist Republic of Vietnam is a single-party state. Its current state constitution, which replaced the 1975 constitution in April 1992, asserts the central role of the Communist Party of Vietnam in all organs of government, politics and society. In 2011, Viet Nam held the 11th Congress of Vietnam Communist Party, in which happened the Election of the Party Central Committee for the new term. Mr. Nguyen Phu Trong was elected to be the General Secretary. After the Congress, there happened the fist Congress of the Parliament, term 13th, in which Mr. Nguyen Sinh Hung was elected to be the President of the Parliament, Mr. Truong Tan Sang the President of the Country, and Mr. Nguyen Tan Dung was elected to continue the position of Prime Minister. This Congress also issued 4 degrees: first, approving the State Budget, second, agreeing on the program of building laws and ordinances in2012, third, beginning the study of the amendments and supplements of the 1992 Constitution and establ ishing the revised draft of the 1992 Constitution, and finally, the degree on the issuance of certain additional tax measures to remove difficulties for enterprises and individuals, contributing to economic development in 2011. In 2011, the disputes over the East Sea was the main cause of some changes in relations between Vietnam and some important countries in the world, especially the  Vietnam – China and Viet Nam – U.S. Tension in the East Sea has escalated due to China’s provocative acts in May, 2011. Then happened many anti-Chinese protests in Ha Noi and Ho Chi Minh city. In this context, the relation between Viet Nam and the U.S was proclaimed to be elevated to strategic partnership.4 And late 2011, the tensions in the Vietnam-China relations down to the visit by the senior officials of the two countries. In terms of politically domestic policy, the government kept a political stability, and showed some positive signs. For example, the freedom of the press seemed to be extended. In addition, the government was also more aware of its limitations and of the policy mistakes. Concretely, at the Fourth Conference of the Party Central Committee (XI), Mr. Nguyen Phu Trong said: ―Besides the achievements, the Party building work still has many limitations and shortcomings, weaknesses, even spanning multiple defects; these limitations would reduce people’s trust in the Party; if not corrected, they will be the challenge for leadership of the Party and the survival of the regime. 2. Economy The year of 2011 was important for the economy of Viet Nam because this is the first year in the latest Socio-Economic Development Strategy (2011-2020), with the goal of becoming an industrialized and modern economy by 2020. This strategy goes on to identify the country’s key priorities to meet this ambitious target: stabilize the economy, build world-class infrastructure, create a skilled labor force, and strengthen market-based institutions. According to Vietnam Development Report (VDR) 2012, meeting these aspirations will not be easy. In fact, the country has experienced bouts of macroeconomic turbulence in recent years—double-digit inflation, depreciating currency, capital flight, and loss of international reserves—eroding investor confidence. Besides, rapid growth has revealed new structural problems. The quality and sustainability of growth remain a source of concern, given the resource-intensive pattern of growth, high levels of environmental degradation, lack of diversification and value addition in exports, and the declining contribution of productivity to growth. Vietnam’s competitiveness is under threat because the power  generation has not kept pace with demand, logistical costs and real estate prices have climbed, and skill shortages are becoming more widespread. And these difficulties strongly existed in 2011. Concretely, the inflation in 2011 was 18.13%; the growth of GDP has slowed (5,89%). Domestic and international gold price gap increased. The Corruption index 2011 from Transparency International ranked Viet Nam at the position 112. This shows that Viet Nam has been faced one of the most difficult challenges of economic development. In terms of financial, according to the document of World Bank, in 2011, foreign direct investment inflows (to Viet Nam) continued at a steady pace, although new commitments declined. International reserves increased in the first half of the year while the Vietnamese dong benefitted from a period of relative calm. In the last quarter of the year, however, exchange rate fluctuations increased due to volatility in gold prices, deepening uncertainties and the seasonal increase in demand for foreign currency as the year end approaches. With approximate 9 billion U.S. dollars, the amount of money coming from overseas Vietnamese was one of the biggest sources of foreign currency in 2011. This amount is equivalent to the amount of FDI. Hong Kong, Singapore, and Japanese are the countries that contributed the biggest investment to Viet Nam in 2011. Hai Duong, Ho Chi Minh city, and Ha Noi are three places that has been most invested in recent time. The sectors that most attract the attention of foreign investors are processing industry, electricity supply, and accommodation and dining service. However, according to the analysis of a chief economist, Dr. Allan Pham, though facing the difficulties as mentioned above, the economy is coming to a better prospect in 2012, especially with a certain success in the fight against inflation of the country (the inflation has been trending down since the 4th quarter of 2011). Following is the figure of the selected macro indicators of the economy in recent years: Key Indicators 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 GDP growth (%) 8.5 6.2 5.3 6.78 5.8 6.0 CPI (%) 12.6 23 6.52 11.75 18.0 12-14 Trade deficit (USD) 12.5 17.8 12.2 12.4 12.1 13.3 Exports (USD) 48.4 62.5 56.6 71.6 80.2 86.5 Imports (USD) 60.8 80.3 68.8 84.0 92.4 99.8 FDI commitments (USD) 21.3 66.5 21.5 18.6 15.0 18.0 FDI disbursement (USD) 8.0 11.5 10.0 11.0 12.0 12.5 Credit growth (%) 54 21 37.7 27.6 15 18 SBV Base rate 8.2 8.5 8.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 Deposit rate (%) 7.0-8.0 7.0-8.5 9.5-10.5 10.0- 11.0 14 12.0 Lending rate (%) 10.0-12.0 10-12.5 10.5-12 13.0-13.5 18-20 14-16 USD/VND (bank rate) 16,016 17,468 18,600 19,500 21,500 22,500 Foreign Affairs At present, Vietnam has established diplomatic relations with 168 countries, and it has economic and trading relations with about 165 countries. Vietnam joined the United Nations in 1977. Vietnam became an official member of the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) in 1995, and has concluded a cooperation agreement with the European Community. Relationships with multi-national financial institutions such as the World Bank (WB), the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) have been re-established. Viet Nam has been participating in the ASEAN Free Trade Area (â€Å"AFTA†) since 1996 and became a member of the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum (APEC) in 1998. Vietnam became an official member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) on 11 January 2007. In January 2008, the country started a two year term as an elected non-permanent member of the UN Security Council. Vietnam signed the bilateral trade agreement (BTA) with the United Sta tes in 2000. Besides aspects of international trade, the BTA covers a variety of other areas, including intellectual property rights, trade in services, development of investment relations, business  facilitation and the obligation to ensure transparency of laws and regulations. The BTA essentially constitutes a commitment by both countries to open their markets to each other. Intellectual Property In recent years, the Government has taken various measures to increase the legal protection of intellectual property and has created an environment of respect for intellectual property as compared to other neighboring countries. Intellectual property rights are protected by the Civil Code (1995 and 2005), the Law on Intellectual Property (2005) and a host of subordinate legislation. Vietnam is a long-time signatory to the Paris Convention, the Madrid Agreement on International Trademark Registration, and the Patent Cooperation Treaty (â€Å"PCT†) and became a member of the World Intellectual Property Organization in 1976. On 27 June 1997, Vietnam entered into an Agreement on copyrights with the US. According to the Viet Nam-US Bilateral Trade Agreement, Vietnam is under the obligation to adhere to the Berne Convention. The National Office of Intellectual Property (â€Å"NOIP†) is the authority responsible for the registration of industrial property and for the resolutio n of disputes with regard to industrial property in the first instance. Foreign organizations and individuals seeking to register their industrial ownership should file their applications through an authorized agent, who will transfer their application to the NOIP. The Office of Copyright Protection under the Ministry of Culture, Sport and Tourism has also been established and is responsible for the protection of copyright. Works may be registered with the Office of Copyright Protection; however, registration is not a prerequisite for copyright protection. Currently, patents are protected for a period of 20 years. A certificate of utility solutions may be granted for 10 years. A certificate of industrial design is granted for 5 years and may be renewed every 5 years. However, the total effective period of a certificate cannot exceed 15 years. Certificates of trademarks are granted for 10 years with no restrictions on the number of renewals. Investment Guarantees The Government of Vietnam guarantees fair treatment for investors. Capital and other legal assets of investors will not be expropriated or confiscated by law or administrative measures and businesses with foreign-invested  capital will not be nationalized. Foreign investors are allowed to remit abroad investment capital and profits, loan principal and interest, and other legal proceeds and assets. Expatriates working for businesses with foreign-invested capital or for a business cooperation contract are permitted to remit their income abroad. The Vietnam government respects intellectual and industrial property rights and the interests of foreign investors relating to technology transfers into Vietnam. Economic Risks Global Finance Crisis is the hottest issues that people discuss most in this few years. The global financial crisis that started from the United States raises a very broad impact to Vietnam. Inflation Inflation has been in double digits since 2007 and peaking at 28% in August 2008. The fiscal deficit accounted for 4.5-5% GDP in 2008 while trade deficit reached US$17.5 billion (or over 20% of GDP), a level that signals vulnerability to a sudden drop in external demand (Figure 2). A high rate of investment combined with a sizeable fiscal deficit resulted in rapid growth in aggregate demand in the first half of 2008. Massive capital inflows generated asset price inflation, especially in real estate and land prices. Export Decline Vietnamese exports have suffered the strongest negative impact. With economic problems in the US, EU and Japan, which together account for more than 60% of Vietnamese exports, Vietnam saw a significant decline in export revenues. Vietnam’s export revenues fell 6.5% in November 2008 and a further 24% drop in January 2009 (year-on-year) (Figure 3). Orders for manufactured exports including garments, footwear and furniture dropped quickly, while seafood5 producers are also under pressure. The decline of orders has caused great difficulties for exporting companies, many of them are at risk of closing down.6 Vietnamese exports’ growth is forecasted to decline from 30% in 2008 to 13% in 2009. Unemployment Unemployment has worsened. At February 28, 2009, 66,700 workers (out of 45 million workers) lost their jobs in 2008 with national unemployment rate of 4.65%. Thus, it is estimated that over 80,000 workers lost their jobs  nationwide in 2008. The latest forecast of Vietnam Labor and Employment Agency estimates the figure to hit 400,000 nationwide in 2009. Job cuts are rising especially in big cities11 with industrial, processing and exporting zones. The situation may worsen in 2009 with an unemployment rate of 5% and at a projected economic growth of 6.5%. High unemployment has already affected domestic demand and consumers’ sentiment in Vietnam, which are bearish in recent months. 3. Socio-Culture 3.1 Education Viet Nam’s population enjoys a relatively high standard of education. In fact, Confucian ethics has strongly influenced upon Vietnamese’s viewpoint of social values, and education has always been considered as one of the best values that a person should desire to achieve. Nowadays, education has been still considered as one of the most important issues that the country has to pay great attention. Recently, at the 11th Party Congress, the government is determined to develop a national education policy as one of the priorities of the country. As a result, the country has gained big success in education. Concretely, according to the 2009 Census results, there are only nearly four million people who have never attended school (5.0% of the total population aged 5 years and over) and as compared with the 1999 Census this number has decreased 5% (6.9 million people, account for 10.0% of population aged 5 and over). This shows the significant progress of Vietnam’s educat ion sector in minimizing the number of people who never go to school. The official figures also point out that the literacy rate for the population aged 15 years and over increased by 3.7% (from 90.3% in 1999 to 94.0% in 2009). The female literacy rate increased 4.9%, while the male literacy rate increased 2.2%, significantly narrowing the literacy rate gap between men and women. Ha Noi, Hai Phong and Ho Chi Minh City are three provinces having the highest literacy rate (97.9%) while Lai Chau has the lowest (59.4%). This data shows that the literacy rate was not only increased quite rapidly but also express successes of Vietnam’s gender equality work in the education sector.13 Certainly, besides such successes, Vietnamese education system also has faced many challenges,  including poor infrastructure, lack of equipment and teaching materials, low wages precipitating an acute shortage of skilled teachers and academic staff, a relatively poor linkage of higher education with research, production and employment, and some contradictions of the system. As the analysis of RFA, the situation of education in Viet Nam in 2011 had some notable points as following: There were three positive points of the education in Vietnam in 2011. The first point is the plan of â€Å"reducing the load of textbooks† from primary to secondary school of the Ministry of Education and Training. The second is the plan of achieving universal preschool education for children of 5 years old. In this plan, the Ministry of Education will build public kindergartens for children at age 5 in the mountainous areas; and the poor students will be exempt from tuition fees, with the plan of over 95% of children enroll in 2 sessions / day by 2015. And the third is the policy of training and vocational training in poor areas such as the Highlands. On the contrary, there were also many crucially negative points of the education in 2011. First of all, there was the imbalance in enrollment in universities and colleges between students with practical needs. The sectors of social sciences, agriculture, forestry and fishery were registered by only 2.5% of exam registration reco rds (while Vietnam has up to 70% of the population are farmers). And the sectors in demand such as business, tourism †¦ had to be encountered the difference between training and recruitment practices; and this leads to the fact that graduates get difficulty to find job. Secondly, teacher’s salary does not meet their living when inflation is high; and this leads to some problems: the teachers could not focus on their business as they had to find extra jobs, or to open extra classes. Thirdly, there has existed the problem of the degradation in social ethics of many students, due to lack of paying attention on humanity teaching, which can be proved by many cases of students committed violent guilty or crime. 3.2 Human Resource The national average population in 2011 estimated 87.84 million, up by 1.04% compared to 2010, including male population 43.47 million, (49.5%), and female population 44.37 million, (50.5%). Urban population is 26.88 million,  (30.6%); rural population is 60.96 million (69.4 %). According to the official report, the population structure by age in Vietnam is in a positive change. The population in the working age is 46,48 million, increased 0,12% compared to 2010. The proportion of workers in the agriculture, forestry and fisheries declined from 48.7% in 2010 to 48.0% in 2011; in industry and construction rose from 21.7% to 22.4%; and in the services maintained at 29.6%. The unemployment rate in the working age was 2.27% in 2011, of which the urban areas account for 3.6%, the rural areas 1.71%. This is the period of the country with advantages in labor force, also known as the â€Å"demographic window period†, which began in 2003 and may last from 30 to 50 years. This is cons idered as a big advantage for the industrialization and modernization of the country, if it takes advantage of the superiority Vietnamese on the labor force. 3.3 Traffic: Conditions And Problems Highway system The road system consists of over 200,000 km network including over 10,000 bridges. However road conditions are not ideal, less than half of the national highways have two lanes or more. In addition, road congestion is increasing in major cities. In recent years, the Government has mobilized a significantly large amount of capital to upgrade the highway system with financial support from international lending agencies. Railway The rail network consists of about 2,600 km of single–track line covering several routes. There are about 260 stations in the network. The longest and most important route is the Hanoi – Ho Chi Minh City line, which stretches for 1,730 km. This line is now serviced by an express train, which makes the journey in approximately 29.5 hours. The lines connecting Vietnam to China were re-opened a few years ago. Inland Waterways Often overlooked by foreign investors, the inland waterway system offers a cheap and flexible mode of transport. Vietnam has more than 2,300 rivers and canals with total length of 198.000 km. Currently, the inland waterway has a system of over 61,000 km. The two major inland waterway systems serve as major transportation outlets. The first major inland waterway system is in  the Red River area in the north which stretches for approximately 2,500 km. Along this system there are five main ports, of which Hanoi is the largest. The second major inland waterway extends 4,500 km along the Mekong River and its tributaries in the South and boasts about 30 ports, including Ho Chi Minh City. The larger river vessels are tug-drawn barges. Official estimates put the fleet capacity at about 420,000 tons with speeds ranging from 2 to over 20 km an hour. Smaller, wooden barges are mostly privately owned. Ports Vietnam has eleven major seaports. Ho Chi Minh City serves most of the South and now boasts modern container loading facilities. Just a few hours’ drive from Hanoi, Hai Phong serves much of the North. Given the rapid rise in trade volume, increasing port capacity is a national priority. Airports and Civil Aviation There are three international airports: Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi and Da Nang. Currently, the Government has significantly upgraded international airports to handle the increase in the volume of traffic associated with Vietnam’s invigorated economy. A new international terminal of the Tan Son Nhat airport in Ho Chi Minh City, capable of handling up to 10 million passengers a year was opened in December 2007. Noi Bai airport in Hanoi was upgraded, enlarged and completed for operation in 2002, construction of a second terminal is expected to start in October 2008 and completed in two years. Four new international airports are planned to be constructed in Phu Quoc, Dong Nai, Lao Cai and Quang Ninh provinces. Preparations for the new Long Thanh International Airport, 40 kilometers from Ho Chi Minh City in Dong Nai province is underway. The airport is scheduled to open in 2010 and by 2015 it will be further expanded to reach an annual transportation capacity of 80 to 100 million pass engers, becoming one of the biggest airports in the region. In addition, there are 16 other domestic airports around the country. Culture and Social Vietnam is a country located in Southeast Asia, Vietnam is a culturally rich country whose distinct history played a role in the development of the modern day state. Vietnamese practices of Confucianism and showing reverence towards ancestors are evidence of China’s historical influence on Vietnamese  society. Vietnam became an independent state in the tenth century but was colonized by the French in the mid 1800s. Vietnam gained independence in the mid twentieth century but still retains traces of French culture which are visible in the way people communicate verbally and nonverbally. Though Vietnam has struggled over the past century through colonial rule, the Vietnam War and recent economic upheavals, it is now rebuilding itself to be able to compete on a global scale. Having a comprehensive understanding of Vietnam’s unique cultural values and traditions can allow the company to develop strong and successful business relationships with Vietnamese counterparts. Language Vietnamese is the official language, although there are distinct northern, central and southern dialects and accents. It is a tonal language, with each syllable; there are six different tones that can be used, which change the definition and it often makes it difficult for foreigners to pick up the language. There are other languages spoken as well such as Chinese, Khmer, Cham and other languages spoken by tribes inhabiting the mountainous regions. Although there are some similarities to Southeast Asian languages, such as Chinese, Vietnamese is thought to be a separate language group, although a member of the Austro-Asiatic language family. In written form, Vietnamese uses the Roman alphabet and accent marks to show tones. This system of writing called â€Å"quoc ngu†, was created by Catholic missionaries in the 17th century to translate the scriptures. Eventually this system, particularly after World War I, replaced one using Chinese characters (chu nom), which had been the u nofficial written form used for centuries. Non-verbal communication For certain feelings, Vietnamese people favor non-verbal communication. Vietnamese do not express feeling of thankfulness of apology in verbal communication, but non-verbal through silence or a smile. The proper respectful behavior is to avoid eye contact when talking to person who is not equal status or of the same gender. The smile is another non-verbal symbol conveying the feeling of respect in Vietnamese culture. It is used as an expression of apology, or as expression of embarrassment. For the Vietnamese a smile is a proper response in most situation in which verbal expression is not necessary, or appropriate. Confucianism The teachings of Confucius influence the Vietnamese describe the position of the individual in Vietnamese society. Confucian teachings emphasize the importance of relationships, responsibility and obligation. This philosophy is still a vital component of Vietnamese society and is prevalent in Vietnamese business culture in conserving the harmony of the collective good. The basic tenets are based upon five different relationships: Ruler and subject Husband and wife Parents and children Brothers and sisters Friends Hierarchy As like other group-oriented societies, Vietnam hierarchical structures are very much based upon age and status. This derives from Confucianism, which emphasizes social order. Everyone is seen as having a distinct place and role within the hierarchical structure, be it the family or workplace. An obvious example is seen in social situations where the oldest person in a group is greeted or served first. Within the family the head would be responsible for making decisions and approving marriages. Therefore companies that want to invest in Vietnam are made sense to give more authority to local managers to control the subordinates. The organization structure can be designed as hierarchical, with power derived from prestige, force, and inheritance. Collectivism Vietnam is a collectivist society in which the needs of the group are often placed over the individual. Family and community concerns will almost always come before business or individual needs. Family in particular plays an important role in Vietnamese society. You will notice that close ties between extended families and communities can have a major influence on individual behavior and oftentimes there are multiple generations living under one roof. For this reason, the company of the investor can pay more attention to their employees’ family members for example provide free medical treatment, childcare leave, family trips, etc. This can increase the employees’ loyalty to the company. Besides, in order to increase efficiency of Vietnamese employees, the company should assign tasks to them by group rather than individual. Religion Religion in Vietnam is closely related to the history of Vietnam and most importantly the culture of Vietnam. The earliest established religions in Vietnam were Mahayana Buddhism, Confucianism and Daoism (called the ‘triple religion’). These religions have been co-existing in the country for centuries and mixed well with the Vietnamese tradition of ancestor worship. This special mix explains why the Vietnamese people find it hard to say exactly which religion the belong to. They usually classify themselves as non-religious, despite visiting religious temples several times every year. At the year 2006, the major religious affiliations amongst Vietnam born people were Buddhism (58.6%), Catholics (22.1%), other (4.6%), and no religion (11.03%). From the data, we were found that Buddhism, Confucianism and Daoism have greatly affected the Vietnamese’s behavior. The foreign investors should take note there are quite a large number of vegetarian in Vietnam, because of th e Buddhism religion. Food of Vietnamese Food is a very important part of Vietnamese culture. The Vietnamese not only enjoy eating but believe eating good food can bring harmony and closeness to the family and relationships. The types of foods are chosen to bring luck and these vary from province to province. Buying daily for fresh food is essential for all Vietnamese cooking. In general, Vietnamese people are not as concerned about nutrition as Westerner. They are more concerned with the quality of the foods. Concepts of Time Like most Asians, the Vietnamese have a more extended concept of time than that of most Americans. The agrarian nature of their traditional society focuses on seasons rather than days or weeks. And this tradition is reinforced by the Confucian tradition of respect for earlier generations. Americans measure time by the clock, Vietnamese by the monsoon. Although this is changing somewhat, Vietnamese can still be expected to take a longer view of time and be suspicious of the need for urgency in making decisions  or culminating a business deal. Patience remains the ultimate Confucian virtue in personal life as well as in business. Personal Relationships In Vietnam, propriety and courtesy play a major role in personal relationships. Vietnamese are generally more interpersonally formal than are Americans. This formality decreases the uncertainty surrounding interpersonal contacts in Vietnamese society and is carried over into the business realm for the same reasons. During initial meetings with Vietnamese officials, you can expect little real business to be accomplished. The Vietnamese will concentrate on getting to know you–your background, your expertise, your character. In their high-context communication culture, they will depend heavily on non-verbal clues to assess meaning. By becoming acquainted and establishing a personal relationship with you, they are merely trying to understand you better. Vietnamese society is comprised of an interconnected network of personal relationships, all of which carry obligations on both sides. These mutual obligations are the underpinnings of social order in Vietnam, so they are taken very seriously. Americans need to understand and be sensitive to the serious nature of what may seem to them to be casual business relations. Failure to do so could easily result in a loss of trust or credibility, with obvious implications for longer-term relationships. 4. Technology In terms of technology, Viet Nam is a rapidly developing country. The year 2011 was the beginning of the strategic plan of economic and social development, period 2011-2020, in which infrastructural building is considered as one of main targets. With this plan, the country has been building many expressways and will let the local transport network be eventually upgraded to meet the requirements of rural industrialization and modernization, and connect itself with the national system. In addition, the above plan also includes a project which will work to narrow its scientific and technological gap with the world in some key fields by 2020. To launch this project, the Government will give top priority to enhancing the competence of scientists and related managers while encouraging the organization of training courses partnered with foreign competent partners. According to the project, the Government will focus on scientific and technological renovation to sharpen the competitive edge of local products and assisting businesses to purchase patents in some prioritized areas: biotechnology, information technology, new materials technology – Nano technology , manufacturing technology and automation. 5. Legislation The communist party-controlled government of Vietnam has ruled under four state constitutions. The first was promulgated in 1946, the second in 1959, the third in 1980, and the current in 1992 (amended in 2001). Significantly, each bore the mark of its time. On paper, all these constitutions seem to establish a solid democracy. In fact, the purpose of the 1946 constitution was essentially to provide the communist regime with freedom of speech, the press, and assembly. The second constitution was explicitly communist in character. Its preamble described the Democratic Republic of Vietnam as a â€Å"people’s democratic state led by the working class,† and the document provided for a nominal separation of powers among legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government. The 1980 Constitution concentrates power in a newly established Council of State much like the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, endowing it nominally with both legislative and executive powers. Many functions of the legislature remain the same as under the 1959 document, but others have been transferred to the executive branch or assigned to both branches concurrently. The executive branch appears strengthened overall, having gained a second major executive body, the Council of State, and the importance of the National Assembly appears to have been reduced accordingly. The role of the Council of Ministers, while appearing on paper to have been subordinated to the new Council of State, in practice retained its former primacy. Having inherited the previous constitutions with substantial and basic changes, on the one hand, the 1992 Constitution continues reaffirming the basic principles in the constitutional history of Vietnam. First, it reiterates the target of socialist construction in Vietnam and the popular nature of the State. Second, the 1992 Constitution continues affirming the Communist Party of Vietnam’s leadership over the State and the society.  Third, it continues affirming the mechanism of State powers performed by the people through the National Assembly and the People’s Councils, the organization and operation of the State under the principle of concentrated powers; the concentration of State powers uniformly into the National Assembly with the division of responsibility among State bodies for the exercise of the legislative power, executive power and judicial power. On the other hand, the 1992 Constitution sees big changes: Vietnam decided to take economic renewal as the cent ral task, First, building the multi-sector and multi-ownership market economy along the socialist orientation. open-door policy and international economic integration. In reality, however, final authority on all matters rested with the Political Bureau; especially, the guarantees provided by the constitutions for freedom of speech, the press, and assembly has been never intended to be carried out. The constitutions eventually show its limitations since Vietnam has joined the stream of globalization, especially in the field of human rights and land-ownership law. In a report made public at the Conference on the Rule of law for human rights in the ASEAN region held by the Human Rights Resource Centre for ASEAN (HRRCA) in Jakarta, Indonesia on 30 April 2011, Mr. Vo Van Ai, President of Que Me: Action for Democracy in Vietnam and the Vietnam Committee for Human Rights called on Vietnam to urgently reform its legal system and bring domestic legislation into line with international human rights laws. Mr. Vo Van Ai declared: ―36 years after the end of the Vietnam War, the rule of law exists only in theory in Vietnam. The government has incorporated human rights into its 1992 Constitution. Yet it has also adopted a whole arsenal of Laws, Decrees, Ordinances and Decisions which restrict or even nullify the exercise of these rights, in total violation of the UN Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) to which Vietnam adhered in 1982â€â€". At the beginning of the New Year 2012 (Jan 1, 2012), there happened The Tien Lang land withdrawal case: in Tien Lang district (on the outskirts of Haiphong, a port city east of Hanoi) a fish farmer, Doan Van Vuong, and his family had resisted a large force moving in to enforce an eviction order. With an improvised mine and muskets bought on the black market, they’d wounded two soldiers and four policemen, including the local police chief. Prime  Minister Nguyen Tan Dung himself had to meet the Haiphong City authorities to resolve the case; and finally came to the conclusion on Feb 2 that the Haiphong government was absolutely wrong in the case; and he ordered the Haiphong City authorities to review their wrong works as and repair the situation. This case is just one among so many cases that show matters association with the land law. And this shocked case has raised the question of reforming the land law, which has been ambiguously claimed by the constitution as ―land is possessed by the whole peopleâ€â€". Mr. Dang Hung Vo, former Deputy Minister of Natural Resources and Environment, comments that ―it’s possible to see the recent incident at Tien Lang as a climactic demonstration of the faults in our Land Law and how it is implemented at the local level. A good farmer, pure, simple and hardworking, who’s driven to defend his right to his land with home-made weapons – what misery! Everybody believes that there’s such a thing as justice and that the law ensures it. Certainly that’s what the farmers who built the fish ponds at Tien Lang believed. They went to the court expecting fair play, but the simple truths they understood proved elusive. The hopelessness of their situati on drove them to take desperate measures. As mentioned above, the 11th Congress of Vietnam Communist Party held in 2011 issued four degrees; and one of them is beginning the study of the amendments and supplements of the 1992 Constitution and establishing the revised draft of the 1992 Constitution. This is urgent and necessary for the development of the country. 6. Environment Viet Nam is blessed by the nature, with a great ecological and hydrological diversity. The country is made up of equatorial lowlands, high, temperate plateaus and cooler mountainous areas. It lies in the inter-tropical zone and local conditions vary from frosty winters in the far northern hills to the year-round subequatorial warmth of the Mekong Delta. At sea level, the mean annual temperature is about 27 °C in the south, falling to about 21 °C in the far north. Geographically, it stretches over 1600km (1000mi) along the eastern coast of the Indochinese Peninsula; and has two main cultivated areas, that are the Red River Delta (15,000 sq km/5400 sq mi) in the north  and the Mekong Delta (60,000 sq km/23,400 sq mi) in the south. Vietnam also has diverse wildlife, with rare and precious fauna such as elephants, rhinoceros, tiger, leopard, black bear, snub-nosed monkey, crocodile and turtle. Forest area accounts for 2% of total forests in East Asia and Pacific. Fish catch is amon g the 10 highest countries in the world, with 1,451,800 tons per year. However, as the report of the World Bank on the environment in Viet Nam, ―Rapid economic growth in Vietnam over the last ten years, and its associated industrialization, urbanization, as well as increased exploitation of natural resources, has created significant pressures for the environment.â€â€"35 For example, the diverse wildlife is in precipitous decline because of the destruction of habitats, illegal hunting and pollution. In fact, Viet Nam Rhino was officially extinct in 2011. One of the most obvious examples for illustrating the environmental pollution is the phenomenon of getting narrowed of the lakes in Ha Noi. According to the Hanoi Construction Department, there are 111 ponds and lakes in Hanoi which cover a total area of 1165 hectares. The total area of lakes has decreased sharply during the urbanization, while a lot of them have disappeared. It is estimated that 80% of the lakesides have got polluted, 71% of lakes have suffered from pollution, 26% of the lakes still do not have embankments, while 8% of lakes have partial embankments. Environmentalists have called on to take urgent actions to protect the remaining lakes, or they would also disappear one day. Vietnam is among the countries that can be seriously affected by climate change. And the fact shows that the increasing deterioration of environmental conditions is emerging as a barrier to growth and development in recent years. In fact, according to the General Statistics Office, domestic natur al disasters occurred in 2011 has made 257 people dead and missing, 267 wounded; nearly 1.2 thousand houses collapsed and swept away; 391.8 thousand houses were submerged or damaged; more than 760 km of dykes, and the 680 km road motorized traffic bursts, landslides; 867 power poles broken or poured; nearly 54,000 hectares of rice and vegetables has been lost; more than 330,000 hectares of rice crops were flooded or damaged. Total value of damage caused by natural disasters in 2011 was estimated at over 10 trillion VND. Thus, this is really a big challenge of the country; and it needs a national and urgent action to prevent an ecological and hydrological catastrophe. C. BRIEF CONCLUSION With the aforementioned analysis of ―P.E.S.T.L.Eâ€â€", we see that in 2011, on the one hand, Viet Nam constantly attempted to keep its strategic plan of development, and also has obtained some important goals; on the other hand, the country had to face many difficulties and challenges which came both from outside and from inside. In my opinion, there are some main issues that the government should pay great attention in the coming years: reforming the education system, fighting against corruption (especially, promoting fiscal transparency and the public availability of economic data and information), reforming the state-owned sectors, amending laws, narrowing the gap between the Kinh, the Hoa and the ethnic minority groups, and improving environmental conditions.